Table 2

Prime-boost immunization trials against parasites
Parasite	Antigen	Priming agent	Boosting agent	Response	Reference

Malaria	Circumsporozoite protein of P. berghei	Attenuated fowlpox virus or DNA	MVA	Potent CD8+ T cell responses were elicited in mice with FPV/MVA vaccination. Novel regimen was more protective against challenge than DNA-MVA immunizations.	[7]
	P. falciparum surface protein (Pfs25)	DNA	Recombinant protein	Intramuscular injections in rhesus monkeys showed significant increase in transmission blocking antibodies.	[8]
	Circumsporozoite protein of P. yoelii	DNA	Pox virus	Immunized neonatal mice showed 93% protection which was CD8+ T cell dependent.	[9]
	P. falciparum erythrocyte binding protein	DNA	Recombinant protein	Higher antibody titers and the ability to reduce parasitemia without drug intervention in Aotus monkeys.	[10]
	Circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum	DNA	RTS, S/ASOZA	Malaria volunteers develop P. falciparum specific Abs and Th1 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon vaccination.	[11]
Leishmania	Leishmania infantum LACK	DNA	Recombinant vaccinia virus	60% protection, associated with cell mediated responses, was observed in dogs after challenge compared to controls.	[12]
	p36/LACK	DNA	Recombinant vaccinia virus	Vaccination in mice resulted in 70% reduction in lesion size and 1000-fold reduction in parasite loads.	[13]
	L. infantum acidic ribosomal protein PO (LiPO)	DNA	Recombinant protein	Boosting elicited stronger IgG2a titers but could not protect against challenge compared to DNA alone.	[14]
Schistosome	Cu/Zn cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), signal peptide SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GP)	DNA	MVA	DNA vaccines were tested against S. masoni challenge in mice. Boosting with MVA for the same genes had no increased effect expect for mutated GP antigen were boosting lead to 85 % protection.	[15]

Ivory and Chadee Genetic Vaccines and Therapy 2004 2:17 doi:10.1186/1479-0556-2-17